The Relationship Between A Mother And A Child - 1092 Words

Ainsworth Bell (1970) explains the relationship between a mother and a child, in regards to attachment and exploration. The article discusses the child’s attachment behavior during separation and reunion of the mother. Ainsworth Bell (1970) research exemplifies the idea of nurture being the primary reason for some characteristics of attachment to lead into adulthood. Ainsworth Bell (1970) believe that attachment to the mother increases explanatory behavior and separation causes insecurities towards the mother. This theory, nonetheless, has several impediments. While attachment behavior to the mother is crucial for the relationship among the infant and the mother, this is not the only relationship that is established among infants. Relationships with close family members and fathers need to be considered. White middle class families were used during the experiment, while the middle class is known to have a healthier lifestyle then lowercase families. Ainsworth Bell (l970) l ack to show variation among infants that grew up in a bad environment that could potentially play a factor among infant and mother attachmment. Ainsworth Bell (1970) research is in nurture during early child development context; however the environment and connections made with people throughout a child’s life also shape attachment characteristics among children. Main Features (level 1, centered, bold, upper and lowercase) Ainsworth Bell (1970) experiment demonstrates the interaction between aShow MoreRelatedAlice Walker s Everyday Use1194 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasured. This relationship is like no other. The love of a parent for a child is ongoing surpassing affliction. Our parents can teach us a galore of things. They have the power to show us how we are to be, who we should be, what not to be. Parents could also point out to one traits that one objectifies, soon realizing, that those traits are not of one s own if not of ones parents which one is reflecting. In the short story Everyday Use the author Alice Walker depicts a mothers conflicting relationshipRead MoreDiscussion. In Order For Nonparents To Gain Custody Of1109 Words   |  5 Pageschildren, they must establish a child-parent relationship; they must be able to rebut the presumption that the legal parent acts in the best interest of the child. Or.Rev.Stat.  §109.119 (2015). The nonparents can rebut this presumption by proving that the legal parent is either unwilling or unable to care for their child. Id. The petitioner for custody is or has been the child’s primary caretaker. Id. If relief is denied the circumstances will be detrimental for the child. Id. The legal parent has fosteredRead MoreParent-Child Relationships in the Poems Refugee Mother and Child, Poem at Thirty-Nine and Piano1273 Words   |  6 PagesRefugee Mother and Child, the nature of relationship portrayed between a mother and child is very tender and personal. The title of this poem directly suggests a connection between a mother and child. The very first line elaborates on this idea, as seen in the metaphor; â€Å"No Madonna and child could touch, that picture of a mothers tenderness...† Here the sustained sacred love between the mother and child surpasses the iconography of Mother Mary and Jesus. This signifies that the refugee mother and childRead MoreAttachment Is The Emotional Bond Created By A Child With Their Primary Careg iver1568 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional bond created by a child with their primary caregiver, which is normally the mother. An example of attachment would be if the mother left the baby, and the baby cries from her absence. The connection normally begins when the child is around six months of age. It’s key for infants to develop. Babies aren’t comfortable away from their mothers. It varies around the world, but it is still very important no matter where the infant is from. It is mainly studied. (Child Adolescent Development)Read MoreThe Emotional Bond Between A Parent And Their Child1469 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Bowlby theorized attachment as the emotional bond between a parent and their child (Stevenson-Hinde, 2007). How secure this bond is can influence a variety of areas in the child’s development. A parent can secure this attachment by how they interpret and respond to their child’s needs. There are four attachment patterns that can form, secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. A child who is secure in their attachment is able to regulate their emotions in stressful situations, exploreRead MoreHow Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional Development Of The Child? Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to social and emotional development lies in the child’s early relationship withRead MoreChild Infant Interaction During The First Year Of Life1197 Words   |  5 Pages Longitudinal Development of Mother- Infant Interaction During the First Year of Life Among Mother with Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Problems and Their Infants Mauricio Sampogna Lone Star College – University Park Dr. Cherry H. Sawyerr Abstract Mother-infant interaction in the first year of life is significant; unideal characteristics on behalf of substance abusing mothers and mothers experiencing psychiatric deficiencies may hamper the social-emotional development concerning the comprehensionRead MoreEffects Of Maternal Separation On Children s Development1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe bond that a child and their parents or caregivers form plays a vital role in the child’s life. Studies were performed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to observe the effects that maternal separation had on the child’s development. The hypothesis they formed based off their observations became known as the attachment theory. The attachment theory came about on the core principle that â€Å"children brought up with consistent, loving parents or significant, reliable caregivers can develop a foundationRead MoreNegative Impact Of Postpartum Depression1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Impact of Postpartum Depression on Child Abuse Introduction: This psychological and behavioral study will analyze the impact of postpartum depression on women and the problem of child abuse related to this condition. Case studies find the circumstances of postpartum depression in women is directly related to the issue of previous child abuse and PTSD that have a negative impact on the newborn child. These factors define a significant correlation with postpartum depression in 1 outRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Mothers And Mother Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pages Review and Analysis of Mothers and Mother-in-laws In the article Mothers and Mother-in-laws, an exploratory case study of relationshionships between mothers, daughters, and mother-in-laws were evaluated and discussed. All of the participants in the study were asked to personally fill out a questionnaire that contained questioned pertaining to their relationships with each other. Mothers, daughters, mother-in-laws, and husbands were all asked to participate in this study. The researchers indicated

The Homosexual Relationship Between Antonio and Bassanio...

The Homosexual Relationship Between Antonio and Bassanio in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice Tsun-Hsien Tsai Sophomore Student, Department of English National Changhua University of Education There are many pairs of male adults with honorable masculine friendships appearing in William Shakespeare’s popular plays, such as Antonio and Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice, Antonio and Sebastian in Twelfth Night, the two kings Leonates and Polixenes in The Winter’s Tale, and so on. No matter what social status and age they are, it is natural for men to develop friendship. However, among them, the same-sex friendship between Antonio and Bassanio in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is most controversial. Reading from the†¦show more content†¦In order to facilitate Bassanio’s pursuit of a beautiful lady in Belmont, Antonio decides to lend money to the youth. He is only too ready to â€Å"give and hazard all he hath† for Bassanio’s sake (2.7.9). The eager homoerotic emotion in Antonio’s insistent feeling for Bassanio is made explicit when Antonio decides to offer his credit for supplying the money for Bassanio’s suit. It is clear that Antonio is willing to dedicate his wealth and his life to Bassanio’s marriage happiness. Sinfield proclaims that â€Å"the mercenary nature of Bassanio’s courtship, which troubles mainstream commentators who are looking for a ‘good’ heterosexual relationship, is Antonio’s reassurance,† and it allows Antonio to believe that â€Å"Bassanio will continue to value their love, and give him a crucial role as baker of the enterprise† (â€Å"How to read The Merchant of Venice†124). For Antonio, his endless economical supports can keep Bassanio cherish their homoerotic relationship with each other. Without any question, the topic of economics is profoundly presented through the financial help given by Antonio to Bassanio. Hyman declare s that Antonio puts his wealth at his friend’s disposal is a means of expressing his love forShow MoreRelated Homosexuality in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1474 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice With every great story line comes a theme. William Shakespeare created an art of intertwining often unrecognizable themes within his plays. In Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, one hidden theme is the idea of homosexuality. This theme might not have even been noticed until modern Shakespeare fans discovered them. According to Alan Bray’s book, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, â€Å"the modern image of ‘the homosexual’ cannotRead MoreRelationship Between Antonio And Bassanio1609 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, there have been two main interpretations of the relationship between Antonio and Bassanio. Some have speculated that the relationship between the two men is homosexual, while others believe that the relationship is purely a male friendship. This conflicting opinion is depicted through the 1973 film production directed by John Sichel and the 2004 film production directed by Michael Radfor d. The 1973 film portrays a male friendship, whereas the 2004Read MoreBlurred Gender Lines And Elizabethan Fear Of Femininity1819 Words   |  8 Pagesconcepts of gender are blurred due to an open approach on the subjects of masculinity, femininity and all that may lie in between. However, as William Shakespeare was writing within the Elizabethan era, the lines of being masculine and being feminine were clearly determined in society, yet the cross-dressing plots in Shakespeare’s As You Like It (1599) and The Merchant of Venice (1597) illustrate how even within this time period, the identity of gender were constantly being questioned. Rosalind andRead MoreEssay about Comparing Shakespeare’s Women in Disguise2920 Words   |  12 PagesEngland at this time, cross-dressing was looked at as a dramaturgical motif, a theatrical practice, and a social phenomenon. â€Å"In Shakespeare’s day, a cross-dressed heroine, like any female character also involved a gender swi tch in the world of the playhouse, for women’s roles were normally assigned to young male apprentices called play-boys† (Shapiro, 1). In each of Shakespeare’s five plays involving a cross-dressing heroine, he tried something different. He cleverly varied each motif in which each play

Analysis of the Elderly Life History-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a research paper using sociological analysis of the elderly life history approach. Answer: Age can never be considered merely as a number. This is because it represents a huge wealth of life experiences which shapes a person that one becomes. In the present generation, with the advancement of the medical science, prolonging life has become possible. Old age is now seen with different perspectives in present genration as providing high quality medical care has been possible. In spite of these, sociologists are of the opinion that various aspects of healthy aging experiences depend on the social class, gender, race as well as other social factors (Novak, 2013). Many media portrayals of the elderly reflect negative cultural beliefs and attitudes towards aging. Society tends to glorify youth associating with beauty and sexuality. In comedies as well, old age is represented with hostility and grumpiness. Many stereotypes exist surrounding the realities about the elderly and aging people (George Ferraro, 2016). Often people are seen to encounter stereotypes associated with race and gender and therefore they tend to think more critically about them. Each culture has their own set of expectations and assumptions about aging and all these are part of the socialization (Mortimer Moen, 2016). This assignment will mainly describe the life history procedures about an old man which will reflect his different stages of aging. It will inevitably reflect the social theory of paradigm that aligns with his aging procedures and will help to give and insight how aging an individual can affect his mental and physical health. The person whose interview was taken was a cheerful old man whose name was Samuel Okon who was from Nigeria. He had lived a happy and contented life. He lived a small village with very few local inhabitants. He had a loving family where he used to respect his parents a lot and used to follow their advices. He had given up his wished of becoming a military man as his father was not in support of the decision. He had faced minor issues in his teenage years as his likes and dislikes and idea of freedom cashed with his parents but he took it never in a negative sense. He adored and respected his father a lot mainly because of the values and the principle followed in his life. He had stated that although they were not economically very rich but was happy and satisfied with the little amount of money that his father earned by farming. They used to have social gatherings in the local festivals of his village where people form town also came. This stated that there no was no conflict of powe r between the urban and rural people. Hi married life was also happier although he stated that both of them had compromised a lot and had respected each others liking and disliking making a stable relationship. He had never liked his friends having two to three wives but he was always a man of good principles where hi main focus was good living, happy family and trust on god. He had never repented or blamed his father for making him an engineer. Rather he had settled that he had loved his professor and worked property throughout his life. The symbolic integrationist perspectives also known as symbolic interactionism mainly direct the sociologists to consider different types of symbols and details of everyday lives. It also shows what these symbols signify and how people interact with each other. According to symbolist integrationist perspective, people attach their meanings to symbols and they perform according to the subjective interactions of these symbols (Dannefer, Kellet-moore Huang, 2016). Theories concerning symbolist interactionism perspective mainly is based on the fact that how society is created with the help of day to day interaction of the individuals. It also remains based on the fact of the different ways people perceive themselves and other based on different types of cultural symbols (Settersen Hagstead, 2015). Researchers are of the opinion that micro analytic perspective says that if people develop a sense of identity through different forms of social interactions, their sense of self is dependent on those interactions. This can be explained by an example. A woman whose interactions with the society makes her feel old and unattractive she may lose her sense of self but if that same woman is made to feel valued, she may have a stronger sense of self. Baltes and Baltes in the year 1990 have given forward the selective optimization with compensation theory. It is developed with a focus that personal development althrough life and subsequent mastery of the challenges associated with everyday are mainly dependent on important components. These are selection, optimization as well as compensation. This happen at all stages of lives but particularly in gerontology, researchers are mainly focusing the balancing that is required between the losses associated with aging and that of the gains that come from them (Moen Flood, 2013). According to the authors, aging can be explained as a process rather than an outcome. Therefore the goals or compensations are specific to the individual. I n the following paragraphs, it can be seen about how the client has interacted with different symbols form the very childhood, through teenage hood, through his married life and even in his old age which had ultimately helped him to shape up the present state of mind and his mental and physical health. A very interesting fact that had been identified form the interview is that throughout his life, he had been a happy man who always infused positivity in his own life and also others surrounding him. In his life, family values that had been instilled by him by his parents had been the most powerful strength he had possessed. Researchers are of the opinion that family values contribute to how a child learns or thrive in life. Family values are the reflection of who an individual is and how in turn that individual treats his own children and wife. Family values give children the strength to express themselves, solve problems, develop and learn to grow form mistakes. Such values also help them to develop their skills and abilities to lead fulfilling lives (Hagstead Dykstra, 2016). Similarly, in case of the client, it was seen that the values infused in him by his father had helped him to learn how to remain contented with his life. In no events of his life, he wase found dissatisfied w ith his condition. He had followed his fathers principles to accommodate their living with the amount earned but never to forget the roots and principles of humanity and self esteem. This had helped him to live happily. He was always an understanding person and tried to think rationally before developing negative feelings. From sheer respect for his father, he had dropped his plan of joining military and had taken polytechnic course to be an electrician. Moreover the living of life, being committed to one person and with happy family was another lesson he had leant from his parents. Therefore, he disliked his friends choices of having more wives in life. He had believed that for successful relationship, being arrogant and holding onto one own perspective is not right. His interview revealed that he had perfect mind framework and here he believed that dedication and compromise form both the partners help in developing and learning about each other. Researchers say that when both the partners want to learn about each other and accept each other the ways they are or alter them for betterment, it leads to happy marriage. Such positivity had helped him live a prosperous life (Kelly Lasazarus, 2015). Another positive aspect of his healthy living is that he was never a lazy man and always engaged himself in his work and earned money to support his family. His love for work can be reflected from the interview where he stated that being retired is making him sad as he is not allowed to work in his nation after retirement. He believes that the society and culture in Canada is open to old citizens working but in Nigeria he can hardly get work. Here one can find a societal difference. Another societal difference was noted in his expression where he stated that unlike todays children. Life was never easy for him and he had struggled a lot from his childhood where he had to walk miles to reach school. His family was not rich and therefore he was unable to have many luxuries which children of this generation are able to experience. Therefore, he believes that he had learn to take hardship in his life with positive mind frame and had never broken down The societies consisted of very low nu mber of people where each other was knitted with strong sense of unity and lived in Nigerian village. They have learnt to love and care for each other which he believed enriched him with human emotional necessary for leading happy lives. From the entire discussion above, it is clearly noted that society plays a very important role in an individual from the time of his childhood to that of old age. According to the theory of symbolic interactionism, each and every individual interacts with different cues and symbols of the societies to develop a sense of self. This helps him to develop as a human being and live with proper principles in his life. The client in the case study has been associated closely with his parents, collected values from families, went through hardships, learn how to handle critical situations, maintained a proper happy life with his wife through understanding and compromises and many others. All these had shaped up his values which had kept him contented throughout his life. This had helped him to age well and live happy and prosperous lives. References: George, L., Ferraro, K. (2016). Aging and the Social Sciences: Progress and Prospects.Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, Eight edition. Hagestad, G. O., Dykstra, P. A. (2016). Structuration of the life course: Some neglected aspects. InHandbook of the life course(pp. 131-157). Springer International Publishing. Kelly, G. A., Lazarus, J. (2015). Perceptions of successful aging: Intergenerational voices value well-being.The International Journal of Aging and Human Development,80(3), 233-247 Moen, P., Flood, S. (2013). Limited engagements? Women's and men's work/volunteer time in the encore life course stage.Social problems,60(2), 206-233. Mortimer, J. T., Moen, P. (2016). The Changing Social Construction of Age and the Life Course: Precarious Identity and Enactment of Early and Encore Stages of Adulthood. InHandbook of the Life Course(pp. 111-129). Novak, M. (2013).Aging and society: A Canadian perspective. Nelson Canada. Settersten Jr, R. A., Hagestad, G. O. (2015). Subjective aging and new complexities of the life course.Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics,35(1), 29-53.

Lab Report Daphnia Essay Example

Lab Report Daphnia Paper When the animal is warmer, the heart rate will raise as long as the temperature isnt sufficiently high to harm the animal. (Campbell, 2005) Alcohol is a depressant. This means that body systems will slow down when alcohol is introduced. In particular, the heart rate will get consistently lower. If too much alcohol is added, it will result in the death of the animal. The alcohol acts by inhibiting the nervous system. (Leave, 2003) After an intoxicating exposure to alcohol, an organisms system will be impaired for an extended period of time. Caffeine is a stimulant. It will work by causing the nervous system to work faster. Also, it will cause the blood vessels to constrict. (Leave, 2003) These effects will work together to increase an animals heart rate. Under normal circumstances, the heart rate will increase as more caffeine is added. At some point the high concentration of caffeine will cause the heart to stop functioning. The effect of one outside substance can impair the effects of other substances. In this experiment we will intoxicate an organism. As a result, the nervous system will have difficulty responding when we introduce a stimulant. The caffeine will have no effect on the organism, because it will be insufficient to overcome the effects of the alcohol exposure. Background Daphnia magna is a freshwater exothermic crustacean commonly referred to as a water flea. Its body is transparent. Because of its transparency we can observe the effects of substances on its body without surgical procedures. We can observe the heart of the Daphnia to be dorsal to the backbone, just behind the head. Helms, 1998) The average Daphnia has a heart rate of about 180 beats per minute under normal conditions. We will observe the effects of temperature fluctuations, alcohol, and caffeine on this exothermic animal. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1: The hypothesis is that lowering the temperature of the surroundings of the exothermic Daphnia magna will cause its heart rate to lower, and raising the temperature will increase heart rate. Hypothesis 2: The hypothesis is that the heart rate of Daphnia magna will decrease as higher concentrations of alcohol solution are introduced to the system. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Daphnia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Daphnia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Daphnia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hypothesis 3: The hypothesis is that the heart rate of Daphnia magna will increase as higher concentrations of caffeine solution are introduced to the system. Materials and Methods For the sake of time, the experiment was split into two parts and each part was performed by a different team. One team worked on the effects of temperature hanged on heart rate. The other team worked on the effects of Alcohol and Caffeine on the heart rate. Both teams obtained a plastic pipette and cut off the tip at the first graduation from the bottom to allow Daphnia magna to fit into the pipette. The teams each obtained a depression slide and smeared a small amount of petroleum jelly on one of the wells. Any excess petroleum jelly was wiped off so that there was only one layer on the well. Then each team used their pipette to draw a Daphnia magna from the jar and placed it on the petroleum jelly covered well. A Simple was used to draw off excess fluid from the slide. Then one drop of solution was placed on the Daphnia magna to prevent it from drying out. Each slide was placed on a dissection microscope and the heart was located using the Helms manual and help from the lab instructor. Then one minute was given for the Daphnia magna to calm down. The following was the procedure used by the temperature team. After the Daphnia was given time to calm down, the team took a reading of its heart rate at room temperature (27 degrees C). The reading was taken by counting the heart beats for ten seconds and then multiplying by six to yield beats per minute. Next, a glass Petri dish was filled with ice water at five degrees Celsius. The cold water Petri dish was placed on the stage of the microscope, and the Daphnia was placed on top of the dish. When the Daphnia had been given a minute to acclimate to the changes, another heart rate reading was taken. Then the same procedure using the Petri dish to changed environmental conditions was used with cold tap water (23 degrees), warm tap water (30 degrees), and hot tap water (45 degrees). A heart rate reading was taken for each temperature. The following was the procedure used by the team that introduced chemicals onto the environment of the Daphnia. First a zero reading was taken before any chemicals were introduced. The zero reading was an observation of the Daphnia heart rate before any substances were administered. All fluids were drawn off the slide using the corner of a Simple. Then two drops of two percent alcohol solution were dropped onto the Daphnia. After a minute a heart rate reading was taken. The same procedure, including using the Simple to draw off previous solution, was then used with four, six, eight, and ten percent solutions. A heart rate reading was taken after each solution was introduced. After the last alcohol solution a Simple was used to draw off all of the solution and a drop of Daphnia culture fluid was added. After a minute another zero reading was taken. The team then used the same procedure used with alcohol to introduce caffeine solution of the same concentrations. Heart rate readings were taken after each solution. Results Table #1: Effect of Temperature Variations on Heart Rate of Daphnia magna I Temperature (C) Room Temp. 1146 1 130 degrees 10 (dead) I Heart rate (beats/minute) 224 1 123 degrees 1214 1 15 degrees 1 145 degrees As the environment got further away from room temperature the effects were ore pronounced. The heart rate got increasingly lower as Daphnia was placed in colder environments. The heart rate was 224 BPML at room temperature, then 182 at 23 degrees, and then 146 at 5 degrees. When the temperature was considerably higher than room temperature the Daphnia could not handle the extreme, and it died. Death occurred at 45 degrees. (Table 1) Table #2: Effect of Alcohol Solutions on Heart Rate of Daphnia magna I Concentration of Solution 1126 42 10% 157 118 184 130 As higher concentrations of alcohol were introduced, the heart rate of Daphnia lowered on a steady trend. Heart rate was 84 BPML with 2% alcohol, 57 BPML with 4% alcohol, and 42 BPML at 6% alcohol. It can also be observed that the resting heart rate of this Daphnia was considerable lower than that of the Daphnia used in the temperature experiments. (Table 2) Table #3: Effect of Caffeine Solution on Heart Rate of Daphnia magna I 16 4% 6 I O (dead) The zero heart rate was lower than the heart rate at the highest level of alcohol concentration. As higher concentrations of caffeine solution were introduced, there was no effect on this Daphnia. When a ten percent solution was added the heart stopped. (Table 3) Discussion Table 1 showed the trend of Daphnia magmas heart rate lowering as temperatures were lowered. Based on this data it can be reasoned that Daphnia heart rate will lower anytime it is introduced to a colder environment. At some point Daphnia would freeze and die, but barring that point the heart rate would get lower and lower with colder temperatures. Along the same line of thinking, increasing environmental temperatures would increase Daphnia heart rate until the temperature is too high for survival. This data did not completely support the hypothesis because there was no provision for the possibility of death in the hypothesis. Fifth data had supported the hypothesis the Daphnia would have had a higher heart rate at 45 degrees rather than dying. Table 2 showed the effects of alcohol on Daphnia heart rate. The higher the concentration of alcohol, the lower Daphnia heart rate got. It can be assumed that this trend would continue until the Daphnia died. This data supported the hypothesis. Table 3 showed the effects of caffeine on Daphnia. This table showed no trend. As a result of the lack of a trend, this data did not support the hypothesis. This can be explained several ways. First, it could have been experimental error. The solution team could have forgotten to use a Simple to remove an alcohol solution from the Daphnia. There also could have been errors in the way Daphnia was handled. Another possible explanation was that the Daphnia was too weak from the beginning. The Daphnia in the temperature experiments had a considerably higher heart rate than that of the Daphnia used in the solution experiments. This could show that the solution Daphnia was weak at the onset of the experiment. As a result the alcohol exposure was unrecoverable for that Daphnia. The exothermic qualities of Daphnia explained the effects of temperature on he animal. Campbell, 2005) Daphnia was more tolerant to lower temperatures than to higher temperatures. This was expected since Daphnia usually lives in cold water. (Leave, Bibb) The alcohol affected Daphnia as expected. (Leave, 2003) When the caffeine was introduced to the system, there was no change. This was not what we expected based on knowledge of how stimulants affect a nimals. (Leave, 2003) This can be explained by the excessive nervous system inhibition caused by the alcohol. This experiment can be used to show the practical application of chemicals and temperatures in regulating body function.